PinoutHub The IR obstacle sensor module is a short-range proximity detection module that detects the presence of objects by emitting infrared light and sensing the reflected signal. When no obstacle is present, the emitted infrared light dissipates into the environment without returning. When an object enters the detection zone, it reflects the infrared light back to … Read more
The MAX30102 is a high-sensitivity integrated pulse oximeter and heart rate biosensor that combines a red LED, an infrared LED, a photodetector, optical elements, and low-noise analog front-end electronics with ambient light rejection into a single compact package. By measuring the absorption of red and infrared light passing through living tissue, it can determine both … Read more
The Pulse Sensor (SEN-11574) is a plug-and-play optical heart rate sensor that detects the pulse of blood flow through living tissue by shining a green LED onto the skin and measuring the reflected light with a photodiode. As the heart beats, blood volume in the capillaries changes rhythmically, causing the intensity of reflected light to … Read more
The LDR sensor module is a light detection module that senses ambient light intensity by measuring the resistance change of a photoresistor — a component whose resistance drops as light intensity increases. This resistance change is converted into a continuously varying analog voltage via a voltage-divider network, while a separate comparator circuit converts the same … Read more
The ZMPT101B is a single-phase AC voltage sensor module built around a high-precision current-type voltage transformer of the same name. By stepping down the AC mains voltage through galvanic isolation and conditioning the output through an onboard op-amp circuit, it produces a scaled analog voltage centered on a DC offset that can be read directly … Read more
The A3144 is a unipolar Hall effect switch — a monolithic integrated circuit that detects the presence of a magnetic field and outputs a digital LOW signal when the south pole of a magnet is brought within range, returning HIGH when the magnet is removed. It combines a Hall effect sensing element, signal conditioning circuitry, … Read more
The ACS712 is a fully integrated Hall effect based linear current sensor IC that measures both AC and DC current and outputs an analog voltage directly proportional to the sensed current. By routing the current under measurement through a low-resistance internal conductor and sensing the resulting magnetic field with an integrated Hall element, it provides … Read more
The INA219 is a zero-drift bidirectional current and power monitor IC manufactured by Texas Instruments that simultaneously measures shunt voltage, bus voltage, current, and power and reports all four values digitally over I²C. By combining a precision amplifier, a 12-bit ADC, a programmable calibration register, and an internal power multiplier in a single chip, it … Read more
The L3G4200D is an ultra-stable three-axis digital output gyroscope manufactured by STMicroelectronics that measures angular rate — how fast a device is rotating — around the pitch (X), roll (Y), and yaw (Z) axes simultaneously. By combining a MEMS sensing element with a CMOS IC interface on a single chip, it delivers 16-bit digital angular … Read more
The soil moisture sensor is a two-part resistive module that detects the water content of soil by measuring the electrical conductivity between two exposed electrode probes. As soil moisture increases, conductivity rises and resistance between the probes drops, causing the analog output voltage to change proportionally. A separate comparator board converts this continuous analog signal … Read more